Senior System Administrator Interview Questions: Complete Guide

# List VMs
virsh list --all

# Start VM
virsh start vm-name

# Create VM from XML
virsh define vm-config.xml

# Clone VM
virt-clone --original vm1 --name vm2 --auto-clone

# VM resource allocation
virsh setmem vm-name 4G
virsh setvcpus vm-name 4

# Install cluster software
sudo apt install pacemaker corosync pcs

# Configure cluster authentication
sudo passwd hacluster
sudo pcs cluster auth node1 node2 -u hacluster

# Create cluster
sudo pcs cluster setup --name mycluster node1 node2

# Start cluster
sudo pcs cluster start --all
sudo pcs cluster enable --all

# Disable STONITH for testing (enable in production)
sudo pcs property set stonith-enabled=false

# Create virtual IP resource
sudo pcs resource create virtual_ip ocf:heartbeat:IPaddr2 \
    ip=192.168.1.100 cidr_netmask=24 \
    op monitor interval=30s

# Create web service resource
sudo pcs resource create webserver ocf:heartbeat:apache \
    configfile=/etc/apache2/apache2.conf \
    statusurl="http://localhost/server-status" \
    op monitor interval=1min

# Group resources together
sudo pcs resource group add webgroup virtual_ip webserver

# Set resource constraints
sudo pcs constraint colocation add webserver with virtual_ip INFINITY
sudo pcs constraint order virtual_ip then webserver

# Check cluster status
sudo pcs status
sudo crm_mon -1

# Install keepalived
sudo apt install keepalived

# Configure on Master
sudo vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth0
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass secret123
    }
    
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.1.100/24
    }
    
    track_script {
        chk_nginx
    }
}

vrrp_script chk_nginx {
    script "/usr/bin/killall -0 nginx"
    interval 2
    weight 2
}

# Master configuration
[mysqld]
server-id = 1
log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log
binlog_do_db = production

# Create replication user
CREATE USER 'repl'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'%';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

# Get master status
SHOW MASTER STATUS;

# Slave configuration
[mysqld]
server-id = 2
relay-log = /var/log/mysql/mysql-relay-bin
log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log
read_only = 1

# Configure slave
CHANGE MASTER TO
    MASTER_HOST='master-ip',
    MASTER_USER='repl',
    MASTER_PASSWORD='password',
    MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001',
    MASTER_LOG_POS=107;

START SLAVE;
SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G

#!/bin/bash
# Service health check script

check_service() {
    if systemctl is-active --quiet $1; then
        return 0
    else
        return 1
    fi
}

if ! check_service nginx; then
    echo "Nginx down, attempting restart"
    systemctl restart nginx
    sleep 5
    if ! check_service nginx; then
        echo "Nginx failed to restart, triggering failover"
        # Trigger failover
        pcs resource move webgroup node2
    fi
fi

# Simulate node failure
sudo pcs cluster stop node1

# Verify failover
sudo pcs status
ping 192.168.1.100

# Restore node
sudo pcs cluster start node1

#!/bin/bash
# Automated server health check

HOSTNAME=$(hostname)
DATE=$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
REPORT="/var/log/health-check.log"

echo "=== Health Check: $DATE ===" >> $REPORT

# CPU Load
LOAD=$(uptime | awk -F'load average:' '{print $2}')
echo "Load Average: $LOAD" >> $REPORT

# Memory Usage
MEM=$(free -h | grep Mem | awk '{print "Used: "$3" / "$2}')
echo "Memory: $MEM" >> $REPORT

# Disk Usage
echo "Disk Usage:" >> $REPORT
df -h | grep -vE '^Filesystem|tmpfs|cdrom' >> $REPORT

# Failed Services
FAILED=$(systemctl --failed --no-pager)
if [ -n "$FAILED" ]; then
    echo "Failed Services:" >> $REPORT
    echo "$FAILED" >> $REPORT
fi

# Send alert if critical
DISK_USAGE=$(df -h / | tail -1 | awk '{print $5}' | sed 's/%//')
if [ $DISK_USAGE -gt 90 ]; then
    echo "CRITICAL: Disk usage above 90%" | mail -s "Alert: $HOSTNAME" [email protected]
fi

---
- name: Configure web servers
  hosts: webservers
  become: yes
  tasks:
    - name: Install packages
      apt:
        name:
          - nginx
          - python3
          - git
        state: present
        update_cache: yes
    
    - name: Copy nginx config
      template:
        src: nginx.conf.j2
        dest: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
      notify: restart nginx
    
    - name: Ensure nginx is running
      service:
        name: nginx
        state: started
        enabled: yes
  
  handlers:
    - name: restart nginx
      service:
        name: nginx
        state: restarted

# inventory/production
[webservers]
web[01:20].company.com

[databases]
db[01:05].company.com

[loadbalancers]
lb[01:02].company.com

[webservers: vars]
ansible_user=deploy
ansible_become=yes

# playbooks/site.yml
---
- name: Configure all servers
  hosts: all
  roles:
    - common
    - security
    - monitoring

- name: Configure web servers
  hosts: webservers
  roles:
    - nginx
    - php
    - application
  
- name: Configure databases
  hosts: databases
  roles:
    - mysql
    - backup

# roles/common/tasks/main.yml
---
- name: Update all packages
  apt:
    upgrade: dist
    update_cache: yes
    cache_valid_time: 3600

- name: Install common packages
  apt:
    name:
      - vim
      - htop
      - curl
      - git
    state: present

- name: Configure NTP
  template:
    src: ntp.conf.j2
    dest: /etc/ntp.conf
  notify: restart ntp

- name: Ensure services are running
  service:
    name: "{{ item }}"
    state: started
    enabled: yes
  loop:
    - ntp
    - rsyslog

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# dynamic_inventory.py - AWS EC2 dynamic inventory

import json
import boto3

def get_inventory():
    ec2 = boto3.client('ec2')
    response = ec2.describe_instances()
    
    inventory = {
        '_meta': {'hostvars': {}},
        'all': {'hosts': []}
    }
    
    for reservation in response['Reservations']:
        for instance in reservation['Instances']:
            if instance['State']['Name'] != 'running':
                continue
            
            hostname = instance['PrivateIpAddress']
            inventory['all']['hosts'].append(hostname)
            
            # Group by tags
            for tag in instance.get('Tags', []):
                if tag['Key'] == 'Role':
                    role = tag['Value']
                    if role not in inventory:
                        inventory[role] = {'hosts': []}
                    inventory[role]['hosts'].append(hostname)
    
    return inventory

if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(json.dumps(get_inventory(), indent=2))

# Git workflow
git checkout -b feature/update-nginx-config
# Make changes
git add .
git commit -m "Update nginx SSL configuration"
git push origin feature/update-nginx-config
# Create pull request for review

# Test playbook syntax
ansible-playbook --syntax-check site.yml

# Dry run
ansible-playbook site.yml --check

# Run on staging first
ansible-playbook -i inventory/staging site.yml

# Deploy to production
ansible-playbook -i inventory/production site.yml

# Ansible Vault
ansible-vault create secrets.yml
ansible-vault encrypt vars/passwords.yml
ansible-playbook site.yml --ask-vault-pass

# Or use password file
ansible-playbook site.yml --vault-password-file ~/.vault_pass

# Bad - not idempotent
- name: Add line to file
  shell: echo "config=value" >> /etc/app.conf

# Good - idempotent
- name: Ensure config line exists
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/app.conf
    line: "config=value"
    state: present

# Run on 10 hosts at a time
ansible-playbook -i inventory site.yml --forks 10

# Limit to specific hosts
ansible-playbook site.yml --limit webservers

# Run specific tags
ansible-playbook site.yml --tags "configuration,deploy"

#!/bin/bash
# Automated backup with retention

BACKUP_SOURCE="/var/www /etc /home"
BACKUP_DEST="/mnt/backup"
REMOTE_SERVER="backup.company.com"
RETENTION_DAYS=30

# Create backup
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d)
tar -czf $BACKUP_DEST/backup-$DATE.tar.gz $BACKUP_SOURCE

# Sync to remote
rsync -avz --delete $BACKUP_DEST/ $REMOTE_SERVER:/backups/

# Clean old backups
find $BACKUP_DEST -name "backup-*.tar.gz" -mtime +$RETENTION_DAYS -delete

# Verify backup
tar -tzf $BACKUP_DEST/backup-$DATE.tar.gz > /dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "Backup verified successfully"
else
    echo "Backup verification failed!" | mail -s "Backup Alert" [email protected]
fi

# MySQL Master-Slave setup
# On Master:
CHANGE MASTER TO
  MASTER_HOST='master-server',
  MASTER_USER='repl_user',
  MASTER_PASSWORD='password',
  MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001',
  MASTER_LOG_POS=107;

START SLAVE;
SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G

# Automated security updates (Ubuntu)
sudo apt install unattended-upgrades
sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades

# /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Port 2222  # Change default port
PermitRootLogin no
PasswordAuthentication no
PubkeyAuthentication yes
AllowUsers admin devops
MaxAuthTries 3
ClientAliveInterval 300
ClientAliveCountMax 2

# iptables rules
iptables -P INPUT DROP
iptables -P FORWARD DROP
iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT

# Allow established connections
iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

# Allow SSH (custom port)
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 2222 -j ACCEPT

# Allow HTTP/HTTPS
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT

# Save rules
iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4

# Install AIDE
sudo apt install aide
sudo aideinit

# Check for changes
sudo aide --check

# Enable auditd
sudo systemctl enable auditd
sudo systemctl start auditd

# Monitor file access
sudo auditctl -w /etc/passwd -p wa -k passwd_changes
sudo auditctl -w /etc/shadow -p wa -k shadow_changes

# CPU
mpstat 1 10

# Memory
vmstat 1 10

# Disk I/O
iostat -x 1 10

# Network
iftop
nethogs

# Nginx tuning
worker_processes auto;
worker_connections 4096;
keepalive_timeout 65;
gzip on;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json;

# MySQL tuning
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 4G
max_connections = 200
query_cache_size = 64M

# /etc/sysctl.conf
net.core.somaxconn = 4096
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
vm.swappiness = 10
fs.file-max = 100000

# Prometheus + Grafana
# Node Exporter for system metrics
# Custom alerts for thresholds

# prometheus.yml
global:
  scrape_interval: 15s
  evaluation_interval: 15s

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'node'
    static_configs:
      - targets:
        - 'server1:9100'
        - 'server2:9100'
        - 'server3:9100'
  
  - job_name: 'mysql'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['db1:9104']
  
  - job_name: 'nginx'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['web1:9113']

alerting:
  alertmanagers:
    - static_configs:
      - targets: ['localhost:9093']

rule_files:
  - 'alerts/*.yml'

# alerts/system.yml
groups:
  - name: system_alerts
    interval: 30s
    rules:
      - alert: HighCPUUsage
        expr: 100 - (avg by(instance) (irate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="idle"}[5m])) * 100) > 80
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "High CPU usage on {{ $labels.instance }}"
          description: "CPU usage is {{ $value }}%"
      
      - alert: HighMemoryUsage
        expr: (node_memory_MemTotal_bytes - node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes) / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes * 100 > 90
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "High memory usage on {{ $labels.instance }}"
          description: "Memory usage is {{ $value }}%"
      
      - alert: DiskSpaceLow
        expr: (node_filesystem_avail_bytes{mountpoint="/"} / node_filesystem_size_bytes{mountpoint="/"}) * 100 < 10
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "Low disk space on {{ $labels.instance }}"
          description: "Only {{ $value }}% disk space remaining"
      
      - alert: ServiceDown
        expr: up == 0
        for: 2m
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "Service {{ $labels.job }} down"
          description: "{{ $labels.instance }} has been down for more than 2 minutes"

# alertmanager.yml
global:
  resolve_timeout: 5m
  slack_api_url: 'https://hooks.slack.com/services/YOUR/WEBHOOK/URL'

route:
  group_by: ['alertname', 'cluster']
  group_wait: 10s
  group_interval: 10s
  repeat_interval: 12h
  receiver: 'default'
  routes:
    - match:
        severity: critical
      receiver: 'pagerduty'
      continue: true
    - match:
        severity: warning
      receiver: 'slack'

receivers:
  - name: 'default'
    email_configs:
      - to: '[email protected]'
        from: '[email protected]'
        smarthost: 'smtp.company.com:587'
  
  - name: 'slack'
    slack_configs:
      - channel: '#alerts'
        title: '{{ .GroupLabels.alertname }}'
        text: '{{ range .Alerts }}{{ .Annotations.description }}{{ end }}'
  
  - name: 'pagerduty'
    pagerduty_configs:
      - service_key: 'YOUR_PAGERDUTY_KEY'

inhibit_rules:
  - source_match:
      severity: 'critical'
    target_match:
      severity: 'warning'
    equal: ['alertname', 'instance']

{
  "dashboard": {
    "title": "System Overview",
    "panels": [
      {
        "title": "CPU Usage",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "100 - (avg by(instance) (irate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"}[5m])) * 100)"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Memory Usage",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "(node_memory_MemTotal_bytes - node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes) / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes * 100"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

# SLO Example
- alert: SLOViolation
  expr: |
    (
      sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"2.."}[30d]))
      /
      sum(rate(http_requests_total[30d]))
    ) < 0.999
  labels:
    severity: critical
  annotations:
    summary: "SLO violation: Success rate below 99.9%"

# Create GPO
New-GPO -Name "Security Policy" -Comment "Enterprise security settings"

# Link to OU
New-GPLink -Name "Security Policy" -Target "OU=Servers,DC=company,DC=com"

# Configure password policy
Set-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy -Identity company.com `
    -MinPasswordLength 12 `
    -PasswordHistoryCount 24 `
    -MaxPasswordAge 90.00:00:00

# Deploy software via GPO
# Computer Configuration > Policies > Software Settings > Software Installation

# Configure WSUS
Set-ItemProperty -Path "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate" `
    -Name "WUServer" -Value "http://wsus.company.com:8530"

# Force update check
wuauclt /detectnow /updatenow

# Enable remoting
Enable-PSRemoting -Force

# Execute on multiple servers
Invoke-Command -ComputerName server1,server2,server3 -ScriptBlock {
    Get-Service | Where-Object {$_.Status -eq "Stopped"}
}

# Parallel execution
$servers = Get-Content servers.txt
$servers | ForEach-Object -Parallel {
    Test-Connection -ComputerName $_ -Count 1
} -ThrottleLimit 10